Semantics and Universal Metaphors of Time
A conference at Freie Universität Berlin in the end of June was dedicated to “NOW AND THEN. Temporal Experience in Film, Literature and Philosophy†(Jetzt und dann. Zeiterfahrung in Film, Literatur und Philosophie) . This led me to thinking about time as such – especially concerning media and maybe blogs like this one.
What is news? What impact does news have on people? What about time? One of the most enigmatic aspects of experience concerns time. Since pre-Socratic times, scholars have speculated about the nature of time, asking questions such as: What is time? Where does it come from? Where does it go? What is its structure?
„In many respects aesthetic experience is bound to time: the time of reading, the rhythm of a filmic montage, the temporal construction of a story. Without such temporal markers as these, aesthetic experience would neither be comprehensible nor would it even be possible. Poetological and philosophical reflection on the temporal basis of aesthetic experience give shape to… questions as… addressing the subjectivity of temporal experience through aesthetic form… how temporality and causality leave their mark in experience… how to treat „actuality“ as an aesthetically significant topos of Modernity“ and more. [Source]
It was not astonishing to me that I found a book called Semantics and Experience: Universal Metaphors of Time in English, Mandarin, Hindi and Sesotho (Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society). The author Hoyt Alverson says that people everywhere experience time in fundamentally similar ways. Alverson begins by studying time expressions in collocations – stock phrases, idioms, aphorism, or other formulaic expressions.
Are there universal as well as culturally particular experiences and expressions of “time”? In “Semantics and Experience”, Alverson questions the widely held anthropological assumption that temporal expression and experience represent little more than local cultural constructions. Drawing on extensive data from four widely divergent languages and cultures – English, Mandarin, Hindi and Sesotho – he argues that people everywhere experience time in fundamentally similar ways. Alverson examines the metaphors that often compose these collocations and discovers that five basic, universal categories of temporal expression and experience appear in all four languages – despite the independence of these languages from one another and despite the differing conditions of belief, knowledge and institutional structure among their respective cultures. While metaphorically constituted collocations do reflect culturally particular features of ideology, Alverson concludes, they clearly reflect universals of “time” as well. “Semantics and Experience” offers linguistic analysis of time expressions in four radically different languages and cultures. It reveals not only how such expressions vary as a function of ideological and cultural differences but also how, despite these differences, they reveal a basic similarity that points to their origin in a pan-human approach to the construction and cognition of space. [Source]
The book which is currently out of print was written in 1994. Obsolete? Not at all, that I am confident of. The most significant metaphor of Semantics to my mind is understanding, comprehending, appreciating one another. This might sound wordly-innocent but I´m sure it´s the future of living together and should somehow relativize many concepts of ivory towers. There will always be differences, stakeholders, communities. This is essential and healthful. All the more it needs comprehension.
So what about Semantic Web? Where is the context here? Hoping to hear that from all of you – every now and then 
Marion.
July 13th, 2008 at 2:57 pm
I personally think all webpages should be stamped with a date created and a date updated.
This would not only give pages a context, it would also be interesting to map the net with this data.
July 14th, 2008 at 8:49 am
that’d definitely make sense – do you know a blog system that maybe has the same versioning capabilities as a wiki?
August 22nd, 2008 at 3:55 pm
It seems evident that because computer technology and internet structures have moved us away from the industrial models of mechanization that were derived from Newtonian paradigms, our concept of time must necessarily also change. The Newtonian universe (a conceptual scheme which did not come up about ex nihilo with Newton but crystallized intellectual tendencies that had evolved over centuries) represented a specific, highly sequential way of thinking about time. This began to break down theoretically with the advent of relativity physics and non-Euclidean mathematics, but it was left to the rise of modern telecommunications to translate this theoretical shift into wider cultural terms. While philosophers of time like Bergson perceived in the early 20th century that a new temporal consciousness was developing, it was difficult to inject this perception into cultural discourse until Internet developments made it both possible and necessary to start building a new philosophy of urbanization that incorporated the semantic and philosophical implications of postmodern teletechnology. This has been pointed out by inter alia philosopher Nicholas J. Slabbert, eg in his conclusion that “We are now moving into a new era of urban philosophy: the era of the post-Newtonian city, with a revised concept of technology based on information systems rather than industrial mechanisms, and with growing multidisciplinary alliances between groups such as technologists, technology theorists, environmentalists, architects, philosophers, economists, researchers, teachers, and urban planners.” (“The Future of Urbanization” by N.J. Slabbert, http://www.harvardir.org/articles/1437/3/)